Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Chapter 1. Mathematical Argumentation: Why and What
Argumentation Is Important!
What Argumentation Is—and Is Not
A Four-Part Model of Argumentation
About Truth
Teaching as Disciplined Improvisation
Improvisation for Argumentation and Norm Setting
Sharing Mathematical Authority
Getting Started With Argumentation
Argumentation Lessons Versus Argumentation in Lessons
Working Together
Chapter 2. Generating Cases
What Does It Mean to Generate Cases?
An Activity Rich in Argumentation and Content
Vignette: Small Groups Generate Cases
Teaching Moves
Establishing Norms
Planning
Tasks
Working Together
Chapter 3. Conjecturing
What Does It Mean to Conjecture?
Vignette: Conjecturing Together
Teaching Moves
Establishing Norms
Planning
Tasks
Working Together
Chapter 4. Justifying
What Does It Mean to Justify?
Vignette: Justifying Multiple Conjectures
Teaching Moves for Eliciting Justifications
Vignette: Critiquing and Connecting Arguments
Teaching Moves for Critiquing and Connecting Arguments
Establishing Norms
Planning
Tasks
Working Together
Chapter 5. Representations in Justifications
What Are Representations?
Vignette: Visual Representations Foster Participation
Vignette: Gestures Enable a Unique Contribution
Teaching Moves
Using Dynamic Digital Tools
Establishing Norms
Planning
Tasks
Working Together
Chapter 6. Levels of Justification
Four Levels of Justification
Level 0: No Justification
Level 1: Case-Based Justifications
Level 2: Partially Generalized Justifications Based on Cases
Level 3: Fully Generalized Justifications
A Rubric for Levels
Teaching Moves for Transitions Between Levels
Working Together
Chapter 7. Concluding
What Does It Mean to Conclude?
Vignettes: Concluding
Teaching Moves
Establishing Norms
Planning
Tasks
Working Together
Chapter 8. Planning
How Can You Plan for Students’ Argumentation?
Written Lesson Plans
Visualizing a Lesson
Vignette: Visualizing Justification
Digital Tools
Updating and Sharing Lesson Plans
Advice on Planning
Working Together
Glossary
References
Index