Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgments

About the Authors

Introduction

1. The Very Complex and Often Controversial History, Philosophy, and Theory of Reading and Literacy

2. Phonics, Phonemics, and Decoding

Strategy 1. "Sound it out": Coach word recognition in beginning reading.

Strategy 2. Teach phonemic awareness and phonics in the classroom and at home.

Strategy 3. Use decoding to improve word identification problems and improve fluency.

Strategy 4. Use drama rhymes to teach reading.

Strategy 5. Consider visual-syntactic text formatting for digital text as a technique for increased academic achievement and long-term reading proficiency.

3. Vocabulary, Spelling, and Word Study

Strategy 6. Revisit and reconsider the role that vocabulary instruction plays in comprehension and reading motivation.

Strategy 7. Use teacher "read-alouds" as an effective practice for enhancing two of the critical components of reading instruction.

Strategy 8. Use semantic impressions to teach vocabulary.

Strategy 9. Use word expert cards to teach vocabulary.

Strategy 10. Whether you develop your own word-study/spelling approach or teach with a published program of some type, you need to match the specific system with the developmental stages of the learners.

4. Fluency

Strategy 11. With the right strategies, reading fluency can be improved in middle and high school classrooms.

Strategy 12. Let learners read as much as possible.

Strategy 13. We are all reading teachers and we should act as reading role models.

Strategy 14. Keep in mind the three key elements of reading fluency: accuracy in word decoding, automaticity in recognizing words, and the use of meaningful oral expression and learn how to address them within instruction.

5. Comprehension

Strategy 15. Try a "thinking out loud strategy" to help reveal children's thought processes as they try and make sense of text.

Strategy 16. Use information trade book retellings to improve student comprehension of expository text structures.

Strategy 17. Explore these three ways to get students to interact with the text in reading classes: summarize, share insights, and question.

Strategy 18. Use drama techniques such as drawing, interviewing, and story theater in the class to help students interact with the text.

Strategy 19. Allow students to choose what they want to read.

Strategy 20. Use paraphrasing to promote reading comprehension.

Strategy 21. Develop critical thinking and reasoning ability through the use of fiction and nonfiction books in the content areas.

Strategy 22. Use talk as a strategy in the reading class.

Strategy 23. Use scaffolding to improve reading comprehension.

Strategy 24. Teach young children "radical change" characteristics in picture books.

6. Interventions for Struggling and At-Risk Readers

Strategy 25. Don't wait for formal testing to begin interventions for students with reading disabilities.

Strategy 26. Use early literacy intervention strategies to facilitate appropriate student behavior.

Strategy 27. Consider consulting with the speech pathologists to create a multifaceted approach to build students' vocabulary and assist them in reading comprehension.

Strategy 28. Consider peer tutoring, especially cross-age tutoring, as an appropriate intervention for students whose struggle to read continues to be significantly below grade level.

Strategy 29. Make it routine practice to foster self-efficacy and motivation in your young readers.

Strategy 30. Remember deficits in reading ability are often associated with a complex range of issues beyond academic achievement, such as lack of motivation, poor self-esteem, and difficult social settings.

Strategy 31. Examine the effects of reading interventions on social outcomes for struggling elementary school readers.

Strategy 32. Be patient with "slower learners" who require more reading practice than other students.

Strategy 33. Create a partnership between general education teachers and special educators using a shared classroom literacy program.

7. Help for English Language Learners

Strategy 34. Explore the definition of literacy and the complexity of the term when applied to bilingual and bicultural students.

Strategy 35. In multicultural classrooms, reflect on the literacy instructional practices of the countries your students come from and how these practices affect their performance in U.S. schools.

Strategy 36. Consider the variety of elements that support literacy intervention for young English-language learners.

Strategy 37. Don't forget visual texts or "reading pictures," either literary or factual, can be a powerful medium for learning and can assist L2 learners' literacy development.

Strategy 38. Use learners' native languages in literacy instruction.

Strategy 39. For second-language learners, teach reading before testing it.

Strategy 40. Use similarities between Spanish and English to facilitate spelling instruction.

8. Literacy Instruction and Assessment Across the Curriculum

Strategy 41. When grading a student's writing, consider what the student is able to do well before noting what needs improvement.

Strategy 42. Consider the use of open-book tests to promote and encourage the assigned textbook reading and the skills required to quickly find and utilize information.

Strategy 43. Move beyond the simplistic notion of a "balanced approach to literacy instruction" and explore more fully what it means to be a literate person and how we can help students.

Strategy 44. Reexamine the nature of "content literacy" and how it is reflected in your professional approach to literacy-related activities in your classroom.

Strategy 45. As a content teacher, learn to carefully select literacy instructional design principles that have been documented to improve comprehension of specific content, skills and higher-order thinking.

Strategy 46. Consider popular song lyrics as a "prereading" vehicle to help create a motivating context for more specific subject matter concepts.

9. Literacy and Instructional Materials

Strategy 47. Use your school hallways and other public areas at school to display the use of a variety of literacies as they provide insights into how literacy is practiced and valued (or devalued) in schools.

Strategy 48. Help youngboys make a positive and compatible connection between masculinity and success as readers.

Strategy 49. Include multicultural works when developing a quality English curriculum.

Strategy 50. Take a look at one of the best resources for recommended literature available, the "Recommended Literature: Kindergarten Through Grade Twelve" on the California Department of Education's Web site.

Strategy 51. Use folk literature in the reading class.

Strategy 52. Let children read and write great poetry.

Strategy 53. Use nonfiction readings in the primary grades.

10. Family and Community Literacy

Strategy 54. Utilize a variety of print materials to inspire student reading and writing.

Strategy 55. Encourage use of libraries to provide a more inclusive literature collection for sexual minorities.

Strategy 56. Reflect on the complex issues surrounding school literature selection for bilingual and bicultural students.

Strategy 57. Find the "out-of-classroom" forces that shape reading habits and reading choices of young people to better develop their personal reading interests.

Strategy 58. Don't overlook the obvious, the public library and the library card, as motivating factor within your literacy strategies.

Strategy 59. Literacy programs work best by involving the whole family.

Strategy 60. Explore ways parents can help their children read at home.

Strategy 61. Make children aware of community library literacy programs.

Strategy 62. Rather than imposing a school literacy curriculum on parents, consider listening to the parents' voices about a shared curriculum.

Strategy 63. Become an advocate for improved home literacy environments (HLE) for all students, especially for preschool and K-3 students.

11. Literacy, Technology, and the Internet

Strategy 64. Optimize the purchase and use of word-processing spell-checker programs to better serve the needs of students with learning disabilities.

Strategy 65. Become just as familiar with literacy-useful software as you are with your students' favorite literature.

Strategy 66. Look to children's "out-of-school" uses of the Internet for instructional reading strategies for the classroom.

Strategy 67. For children with reading difficulties, text-to-speech software offers some of the benefits of shared reading.

Strategy 68. Use the Internet to improve reading comprehension

Strategy 69. Use electronic pen pals (ePALS) to have students communicate with people and sites beyond the classroom.

Strategy 70. Use CD-ROM storybooks with early readers.

Index