Tier 3 of the RTI Model
Problem Solving Through a Case Study Approach
- Sawyer Hunley - University of Dayton, USA
- Kathy McNamara - Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, Cleveland State University, USA
Published in Association with National Association of School Psychologists
"This book offers critical, practical, coherent, comprehensive, and research-based information for schools and districts implementing an RTI framework of intervention. It maps a seamless process of support that enables school psychologists and school teams to provide tiered interventions to increase student achievement."
—Jane Wagmeister, Director of Curriculum, Instruction, and Continuous Improvement, RTI Co-Chair Task Force
Ventura County Office of Education
Identify students' learning needs and make appropriate decisions regarding instruction and intervention!
Response to Intervention (RTI) is a three-tiered framework that helps all students by providing targeted interventions at increasing levels of intensity. This detailed guide to tier 3 of the RTI model provides school psychologists and RTI teams with a case study approach to conducting intensive, comprehensive student evaluations.
With step-by-step guidelines for Grades K–12, this resource demonstrates how to develop a specific case study for students who are struggling in the general classroom. Focusing exclusively on the third tier, the book:
- Provides guidance on problem identification and analysis, progress monitoring, selection of research-based interventions, and evaluation of case study outcomes
- Addresses both academic and behavioral challenges, including mental health issues
- Shows how school psychologists can collaborate with other members of the RTI team
- Provides tools for assessment and for tracking progress
Tier 3 of the RTI Model guides school psychologists through the involved, in-depth process of building a case study that identifies student needs and helps educators determine the best way to educate students with learning challenges.
| Context and History |
| The Response to Intervention Process |
| The Case Study Model and Prereferral Intervention |
| Summary |
| Assessment Methods |
| Assessment at Tier 1 |
| Assessment at Tier 2 |
| Assessing Behavior |
| Summary |
| School Psychologist as Systems Change Agent |
| Evaluating the System |
| Goal Setting |
| RTI Implementation |
| Summary |
| Tier 1 |
| Tier 2 |
| Tier 3 |
| Behavioral Definition of the Problem |
| Problem Certification: Establishing the Severity of the Discrepancy Between Actual and Expected Performance |
| Formulating Intervention Goals |
| Planning Data-Collection Activities for Baseline Measurement and Progress Monitoring |
| Assessment of Factors Related to the Problem |
| Summary |
| Generating Hypotheses |
| Primary and Secondary Dependent Variables |
| Types of Hypotheses |
| Intervention Selection |
| Hypothesis Testing |
| Summary |
| Single-Case Design and Hypothesis Testing |
| Single-Case Design and Progress Monitoring |
| Choosing a Single-Case Design |
| Summary |
| Selecting Research-Based Interventions |
| Intervention Integrity |
| Linking Interventions to Hypotheses |
| Characteristics of Effective Academic Interventions |
| Characteristics of Effective Behavioral Interventions |
| Targets of Intervention |
| Summary |
| Visual Analysis |
| Conducting Visual Analyses |
| Magnitude of Change |
| Choosing, Calculating, and Interpreting Effect Sizes |
| Quality of the Outcome: Goal-Attainment Scaling |
| Choosing Evaluation Methods and Judging Outcomes |
| Summary |
| Disability Versus Eligibility Determination |
| Responsiveness Versus Resistance |
| Using Case Study Information for Special Education Eligibility Determination |
| RTI and Specific Learning Disabilities |
| Decision Making in Eligibility Determination |
| Technical Adequacy of Decision-Making Practices |
| Eligibility Decisions |
| Summary |
| Case Study Structure |
| Case Study Rubric |
| Case Study: Morgan |
| Case Study: Reggie |
| Evaluation of School Psychology Services and Programs |
| Case Study Fidelity |
| Intervention Integrity |
| Magnitude of Change |
| Goal-Attainment Scaling |
| Summary |
“This book provides a timely and crucial resource for school psychologists who seek to use best practices in responsive intervention. It shows each step of tier 3 case study methods and how they relate to all other aspects of RTI.”
“This book offers critical, practical, coherent, comprehensive, and research-based information for schools and districts implementing an RTI framework of intervention. It maps a seamless process of support that enables school psychologists and school teams to provide tiered interventions to increase student achievement.”
“This is a GREAT book. Comprehensive, easy to understand for psychologists. Great attitude about the process—positive, helpful.”
"The case studies are relevant and incorporate the key elements of collaborative problem solving, data-based decision making, logical linkage between the stages, and fidelity of case study procedures. This is an excellent resource for educators. Highly Recommended."
HEOA Compliance
Available formats
| ISBN: 9781412953306 | Hardcover | Suggested Retail Price: $80.95 | Bookstore Price: $64.76 |
| ISBN: 9781412953313 | Paperback | Suggested Retail Price: $36.95 | Bookstore Price: $29.56 |
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